UML: Lenguaje Unificado de Modelado
Te recomiendo que cuando vayas a leer cualquier texto o libro sobre UML te relajes y te prepares para el auténtico disfrute. Este es uno de esos momentos. Estás ante la presentación de una de las herramientas más poderosas que se pueden usar para la creación de software. Trabajar con un equipo que domine el lenguaje UML es un hecho que garantiza en sí mismo grandes ratos, grandes avances y el éxito de cualquier proyecto. Es realmente emocionante hablar este lenguaje, porque se experimenta la sensación real de crear software sin escribir una sola línea de código. Es como lo que hace el arquitecto cuando proyecta un edificio, lo crea en sus planos sin colocar un solo ladrillo. Es la herramienta que nos permitirá proyectar y conocer la arquitectura del sistema que queremos crear. No se puede describir con palabras. ¡Es simplemente una herramienta increíble!
El lenguaje UML se expresa con símbolos y/o agrupaciones de estos llamadas diagramas. Nos sirve fundamentalmente para crear diferentes tipos de ellos permitiéndonos ver desde diferentes perspectivas un sistema software.
En el estándar UML 2.0 se nos habla de un grupo de diagramas determinado que son los más comunes y habituales. Podemos establecer una clasificación de estos dividiéndolos en Estructurales y de Comportamiento, y dentro de los de comportamiento tendríamos a los de Interacción.
Nótese que en el gráfico anterior estamos usando la propia notación UML. Existe un tipo primordial que es “Diagrama UML” del cual heredan “Diagrama Estructural” y “Diagrama Comportamiento”, de estos a su vez heredan los trece diferentes tipos de diagramas más comunes, existiendo un tipo intermedio que serían los “Diagrama de Interacción”.
Los diagramas son de gran utilidad para trabajar en los requisitos, en el análisis del sistema, en la construcción del mismo y en su posterior despliegue. Nos permitirán conocer ese concepto del que tanto se habla y que parece tan difícil de determinar que es la Arquitectura del Sistema. El UML hace que esta sea algo tangible. Siendo el resultado de agrupar los diferentes diagramas en lo que llamamos vistas. Estas vistas forman la Arquitectura del Sistema.
Cada una de ellas nos ofrece diferente información sobre el sistema software:
- Vista de Casos de Uso: Nos facilita información sobre el comportamiento y funcionalidad del sistema.
- Vista de Diseño: Nos proporciona información del vocabulario y la funcionalidad del sistema.
- Vista de Interacción: Nos da información sobre el rendimiento del sistema, la escalabilidad del mismo y la capacidad de procesamiento necesaria.
- Vista de Implementación: Establece el ensamblado del sistema y la gestión de la configuración.
- Vista de Despliegue: Nos permite establecer la topología del sistema, su distribución y las pautas para su instalación.
Por lo tanto, este será el objetivo a la hora de crear software, conseguir plantear la arquitectura del sistema mediante diagramas UML. Conviene advertir aquí que el proceso de creación de software es un proceso iterativo e incremental. Así podemos apreciar que UML nos servirá para reflejar la arquitectura del sistema en un momento del tiempo dado. Lo normal será que en versiones o iteraciones posteriores del software que estamos creando esta arquitectura evolucione, quedando cada vez más definida. Lo que significará que nuestros diagramas irán cambiando, ya que son estos los que la definen. Además no es obligatorio usar todos los diagramas, ni todos los símbolos. Es posible que el sistema que estamos desarrollando quede definido con solo algunos de ellos. Es famosa la frase: “El 80% de los problemas se resuelve con un 20% de UML”. Esto dependerá del tipo y tamaño del sistema que pretendamos crear. Los diagramas más importantes para definir la arquitectura de un sistema son: diagramas de Casos de Uso, diagramas de Actividad, diagramas de Secuencia, diagramas de Clases, diagramas de Estructura Compuesta y diagramas de Estado; siendo interesantes también los diagramas de Componentes y los diagramas de Despliegue.
Por otro lado, comentar que el lenguaje UML, como tal lenguaje que es, se usa para definirse a sí mismo. Cada símbolo o concepto del UML y sus reglas de aplicación están definidos con UML en lo que se conoce como meta-modelo de UML. Es algo similar a lo que pasa en cualquier idioma con las palabras, se usa el propio idioma para definir el significado de cada palabra en un diccionario y para definir la gramática del mismo. Un diccionario de español junto con las reglas gramaticales, por ejemplo, vendría a ser el meta-modelo del lenguaje español.
José Alberto Domínguez
Arquitecto de Sistemas
Estimado José Alberto,
Me da un gusto enorme el haber encontrado esta pagina ya que en ella explica a grandes rasgos el funcionamiento de UML, sin duda la mejor explicación hasta el momento. Muchas felicidades y me daría mucho gusto poder contactarte ya que estos momento me encuentro en un proyecto de implementación del sistemas CRM y ocuparé UML para el mismo. Me agradaría poder apoyarme contigo en un momento dado que tenga alguna duda.
Me despido no sin antes enviarte un saludo y un fuerte abrazo y recordarte que falta gente como tú para temas tan importantes.
Gracias.
Quedo a tus órdenes.
Hola,
Te agradezco tus comentarios…
Puedes encontrarme en: http://www.hola-mundo.net
Saludos,
Alberto
Muchas gracias, bien detallado hacerca del UML..
Muy bien hacerca del diagrama uml, me gustaria como puedo aplicar uml com metodolgoa agil.
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